UD Phonology Lab Stress Pattern Database
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Top Primary stress Secondary stress syllables phonotactics notes sources tail fsa head fsa Stress Pattern Generator
Tongan
Ethnologue code(s): tonThis language has a quantity-sensitive bounded stress system.
Primary stress pattern
SPC: 12/2R
In words of all sizes, primary stress falls on the final syllable if it is heavy, else on the penultimate syllable if it is heavy, else on the penultimate syllable.
Secondary stress pattern
SPC: H
In words of all sizes, secondary stress falls on all heavy syllables.
Syllable Weight Hierarchy
| W0 | W1 | W2 | W3 | W4 |
| V | VV |
Relevant phonotactics
Light monosyllables do not occur.
Notes
- VC syllables do not occur.
Sources
- Bailey, Todd M. 1995. Nonmetrical Constraints on Stress. Doctoral dissertation, Univerisity of Minnesota. Ann Arbor, MI: UMI.
- Hayes, Bruce. 1995. Metrical stress theory: Principles and case studies. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.
- Churchward, C. Maxwell. 1953. Tongan Grammar. Oxford University Press, London.
Finite State Acceptors - Tongan Pattern
The format for the acceptors below is start states, final states, and transitions.
The labels indicate the syllable weight and level of stress.
For example, w0.s2 means a syllable of weight 0 with primary stress; w1.s1 means a
syllable of weight 1 with secondary stress and so on.
The Tail Canonical Acceptor
| states | transitions | initial | final |
| 4 | 6 | 1 | 2 |
This acceptor is 1-1 neighborhood-distinct.
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0 0,0,w0.s0 0,0,w1.s1 0,1,w1.s2 0,3,w0.s2 1,2,w0.s0 3,2,w0.s0 1,2 |
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The Head Canonical Acceptor
| states | transitions | initial | final |
| 3 | 6 | 1 | 1 |
This acceptor is 1-1 neighborhood-distinct.
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0 0,0,w0.s0 0,0,w1.s1 0,1,w1.s2 0,2,w0.s2 0,2,w1.s2 2,1,w0.s0 1 |
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Stress Pattern Generator
In order to use the Stress Pattern Generator, use numbers between 0 and 1 delimited by spaces in the box below. These numbers represent syllables in a word. The number corresponds to the weight of the syllable, 0 being the lightest, and 1 being the heaviest. When the "Find Stress" Button is clicked, a new page will open with the stresses for the word indicated.
Example input:
A three syllable word in a language with weight of 2 and the heaviest syllable being the middle would be represented as "0 1 0".
Generate all patterns
Warning: Since this is a QS language, there may be a large number of words, and the page may take some time to load.